Contents Preface About the Author Constants 1 Fundamentals of Optical Devices 1.0 1.1 Introduction Laser Diodes and LEDs 1.1.1 Pn Junction and Energy Diagram 1.1.2 Direct and Indirect Semiconductors 1.1.3 Carrier Confinement 1.1.4 Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission 1.1.5 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 1.1.6 Laser Diodes (LDs) 1.1.7 Single-Frequency Semiconductor Lasers 1.2 Photodetectors xi xv xvii 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 26 32