Standards 99 standardization. As of early 2008, we believe the OMG is several years away from a standard that will address the modeling of business organization models. Without standards, modelers will continue to rely on a combination of ad hoc approaches and the proprietary modeling languages built into the modeling tools they use today. Each modeling tool and ad hoc approach is different. Sometimes the differences are obvious. Worse, sometimes the differences are subtle. The model elements and associations that look the same in two tools have subtle dif- ferences in meaning. These differences create two problems. Analysts looking at diagrams created in different tools cannot accurately (or easily) interpret and compare the models. And models cannot be exchanged between different tools. Case Study A telecommunications services company saw some significant profitability differences between various business units. Some business units were more profitable than others, even for the same services. Why? Were the more profitable business units simply better organized? Should the less profitable business units be reorganized to resemble the more profitable ones? Were either the more profitable or the less profitable business units following