Background of 3G evolution CHAPTER 4.1 Requirements Architecture Detailed specifications Testing and verification Figure 4.1-1 The standardization phases and iterative process. CDMA (WCDMA) and Wideband TDMA technologies. The next phase of related European research was Advanced Communication Technologies and Services (ACTS), which included the UMTS-related project Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access System (FRAMES). The FRAMES project resulted in a multiple access concept that included both Wideband CDMA and Wideband TDMA components. At the same time parallel 3G activities were going on in other parts of the world. In Japan, the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) was in the pro- cess of defining a 3G wireless communication technology based on Wideband CDMA. In the US, a Wideband CDMA concept called WIMS was developed within the T1.P1 2 committee. Korea also started work on Wideband CDMA at this time. 4.1.2 Standardization 4.1.2.1 The standardization process Setting a standard for mobile communication is not a one-time job, it is an ongoing process. The standardi- zation forums are constantly evolving their standards trying to meet new demands for services and features. The standardization process is different in the different forums, but typically includes the four phases illustrated in Figure 4.1-1: 1. Requirements, where it is decided what is to be achieved by the standard. 2. Architecture, where the main building blocks and interfaces are decided.