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152 CHAPTER 5 Gain changes of optical amplifiers at ROADM nodes (a) Saturation signals (P sat = -15 or ­45 dBm/ch) AWG EDFA EDF 980 nm / 1550 nm coupler Isolator Isolator Optical spectrum analyzer (b) Saturation signals DFB LD DFB LD 3 dB coupler 1525 1535 1545 1555 Wavelength (nm) DFB LD 980 nm pump LD LD source Gain-lock signal (1560 nm, P GL =-30 dBm, G GL = 20 dB) 1525 1535 1545 1555 Wavelength (nm) (c) Gain change (dB) 0.5 1.4 dB 0 -0.5 Gain-lock -1 Saturation signals signal -1.5 (8ch + 0ch) -2 1525 1535 1545 1555 1565 1525 1535 1545 1555 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) (dB) 0.5 1.0 dB 0 (a) Experimental setup, (b) channel allocations, (c) measured and calculated results.