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CHAPTER Advanced Amplifier Schemes in Long-Haul Undersea Systems 9 Alan Lucero 253 255 264 271 274 275 275 Tyco subcom, USA CHAPTER OUTLINE HEAD 9.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 9.2. Raman-assisted systems and experiments..................................................... 9.3. Comparison of Raman- and ROPA-assisted systems........................................ 9.4. Advanced modulation formats and high capacity in hybrid ROPA-EDFA systems 9.5. Conclusion.................................................................................................. Acronyms ........................................................................................................... References .........................................................................................................