506 France (Cont.) market approach in, 487 market curtailment in, 493, 494 simulated electricity sales curve, 489 simulated price scenarios, 491­492 wind power, price reduction from, 485 Frequency controls, 134­135, 136, 239 Index I IBM, 21, 23 Illinois, 353, 415­417 In home energy display devices, 402­404 Information technology (IT) business silos and, 271 implementing systems, 261 relationships data model, 274 Innovation. see Technological innovation Integrative approach, retail markets, 52 Intermittent energy diurnal, 111 managing, 110­111, 164, 176­177 microgrids and, 200 wind and solar, 145 International Smart Grid Action Network (ISGAN), 25 Interruptible tariffs, 222, 224, 230 Inverters, 200 IPads, 372, 381, 392 Islanding, 201 G General Electric (GE), 22, 34, 411­412 Generators, renewable, 162 Germany electricity bill composition in, 323 intra-day prices, 333 locational distribution pricing in, 327­336 network investment locational pricing, 320­327 photovoltaic development in, 329 renewable energy in, 327­330 Global and Local Learning Model (GALLM), 165, 166­168, 170, 174 Global Smart Grid Federation, 24 Global technology mix, 172­173, 175 "Going to Bed" app., 391­392 J Japan, 20, 43