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• The relationship between input and output when equipment is fixed (already exists) for
• Fluid flow/pumps/compressors
• Heat exchangers
• Tray columns
• Packed columns
• How to evaluate the performance of the above equipment
• How to represent the performance of the above equipment graphically
• Equipment limitations
As pointed out in the introduction to Section 4, the way in which a process operates will vary significantly throughout its lifetime. Plant operations do not correspond to the conditions specified in the design. This is not necessarily a reflection of a poor design. It is a consequence of changes in the process during the life of the plant. There are numerous reasons why a process might not be operated at design conditions. As stated previously, some examples are the following: