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    Front Cover
    The Design of Active Crossovers
    Copyright
    Dedication
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    Chapter 1. Crossover Basics
    Chapter 2. How Loudspeakers Work
    Chapter 3. Crossover Requirements
    Chapter 4. Crossover Types
    Chapter 5. Notch Crossovers
    Chapter 6. Subtractive Crossovers
    Chapter 7. Lowpass & Highpass Filter Characteristics
    Chapter 8. Designing Lowpass and Highpass Filters
    8.1 Designing Real Filters
    8.2 Component Sensitivity
    8.3 First-Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
    8.4 Second-Order Filters
    8.5 Sallen & Key Second-Order Filters
    8.6 Sallen & Key Lowpass Filter Components
    8.7 Sallen & Key Second-Order Lowpass: Unity Gain
    8.8 Sallen & Key Second-Order Lowpass Unity-Gain: Component Sensitivity
    8.9 Sallen & Key Second-Order Lowpass: Equal-Capacitor
    8.10 Sallen & Key Second-Order Lowpass Equal-C: Component Sensitivity
    8.11 Sallen & Key Second-Order Butterworth Lowpass: Defined Gains
    8.12 Sallen & Key Second-Order Lowpass: Non-Equal Resistors
    8.13 Sallen & Key Third-Order Lowpass in a Single Stage
    8.14 Sallen & Key Third-Order Lowpass in a Single Stage: Non-Equal Resistors
    8.15 Sallen & Key Fourth-Order Lowpass in a Single Stage
    8.16 Sallen & Key Fourth-Order Lowpass in a Single Stage: Non-Equal Resistors
    8.17 Sallen & Key Fifth- and Sixth-Order Lowpass in a Single Stage
    8.18 Sallen & Key Highpass Filters
    8.19 Sallen & Key Second-Order Highpass: Unity-Gain
    8.20 Sallen & Key Second-Order Highpass: Equal-Resistors
    8.21 Sallen & Key Second-Order Butterworth Highpass: Defined Gains
    8.22 Sallen & Key Second-Order Highpass: Non-Equal Capacitors
    8.23 Sallen & Key Third-Order Highpass in a Single Stage
    8.24 Sallen & Key Fourth-Order Highpass in a Single Stage
    8.25 Implementing Linkwitz­Riley with Sallen & Key Filters: Loading Effects
    8.26 Lowpass Filters with Attenuation
    8.27 Bandwidth Definition Filters
    8.28 Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: Highpass
    8.29 Distortion in Sallen & Key Filters: Lowpass
    8.30 Mixed Capacitors in Low-Distortion Sallen & Key Filters
    8.31 Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: Lowpass
    8.32 Noise in Sallen & Key Filters: Highpass
    8.33 Multiple-Feedback Filters
    8.34 Multiple-Feedback Lowpass Filters
    8.35 Multiple-Feedback Highpass Filters
    8.36 Distortion in Multiple-Feedback Filters: Highpass
    8.37 Distortion in Multiple-Feedback Filters: Lowpass
    8.38 Noise in Multiple-Feedback Filters: Highpass
    8.39 Noise in Multiple-Feedback Filters: Lowpass
    8.40 State-Variable Filters
    8.41 Variable-Frequency Filters: Sallen and Key
    8.42 Variable-Frequency Filters: State-Variable Second Order
    8.43 Variable-Frequency Filters: State-Variable Fourth Order
    8.44 Variable-Frequency Filters: Other Orders
    References
    Chapter 9. Bandpass & Notch Filters
    Chapter 10. Time Domain Filters
    Chapter 11. Equalisation
    Chapter 12. Passive Components for Active Crossovers
    Chapter 13. Opamps for Active Crossovers
    Chapter 14. Active Crossover System Design
    Chapter 15. Subwoofer Crossovers
    Chapter 16. Line Inputs and Outputs
    Chapter 17. Line Outputs
    Chapter 18. Power Supply Design
    Chapter 19. An Active Crossover Design
    Appendix 1. Crossover Design References
    Appendix 2. Loudspeaker Design References
    Index
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    Chapter 8. Designing Lowpass and Highpas... > 8.13 Sallen & Key Third-Order Lowpas... - Pg. 202

    202 Chapter 8 Table 8.6: Component Values for Defined Gains in a Butterworth Second-Order S&K Lowpass Filter Gain dB 0.00 +1.00 +2.00 +3.00 +4.00 +4.01 +5.00 +6.00 +7.00 +8.00 Gain Times 1.000 1.122 1.259 1.412 1.585 1.586 1.778 2.000 2.238 2.512 C1 nF 225.1 203.1 185.4 171.5 159.5 159.1 148.6 139.1 130.8 123.2 C2 nF 112.4 124.7 136.6 147.7 158.7 159.1 170.4 182.1 193.6 205.6 C1/C2 Ratio Times 2.000 1.628 1.357 1.161 1.004 1.000 0.871 0.764 0.675 0.599 R3 Ohms n/a 122 259 412 585 586 778 1000 1238 1513 R4 Ohms n/a 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 8.13 Sallen & Key Third-Order Lowpass in a Single Stage So far we have created first- and second-order responses by using a single stage containing a single op-amp. It is also possible to create third- and fourth-order responses in a single stage, though I should warn at once that the component sensitivities are worse.