Motivation 173 Motivation theories There are a number of motivation theories which, in the main, are complementary to one another. The most significant theories are those concerned with expectancy, goal setting and equity, which are classified as process or cognitive theories. Motivation strategies Motivation strategies aim to create a working environment and to develop policies and practices that will provide for higher levels of performance from employees. They include the development of total reward systems and performance management processes, the design of intrinsically motivating jobs and leadership development programmes. References Adams, J S (1965) Injustice in social exchange, in L Berkowitz (ed) Advances in Experimental Psychology, New York, Academic Press Alderfer, C (1972) Existence, Relatedness and Growth, New York, The Free Press Allport, G (1954) The historical background of modern social psychology, in G Lindzey (ed) Theoretical Models and Personality, Cambridge MA, Addison-Wesley