19.3 Software and simulator 809 11. List all the model types in the manufacturing processes described in subsection 19.2.1, and then discuss the modeling complexity of industrial control. 12. What are linear and nonlinear PID (proportional integral-derivative) controllers? Then explain why PID controllers do not perform well when applied to systems with significant time delays. 13. Please explain why the "Inverse of process model" in Figure 19.6 is almost impossible to find for many types of industrial processes. 14. Please explain the working principle of the adaptive controller in Figure 19.7, especially how can this controller be defined as an adaptive controller, Please explain the working principle of the adaptive predictive controller in Figure 19.9, especially how can this controller be defined as an adaptive predictive controller. (Note: Figure 19.8 may help you with this problem.) 15. What is the meta-modeling method? 16. Suppose you are appointed as an engineer responsible for designing a simulation model for an urban traffic control system which manipulates the traffic lights according to vehicle flows and time schedules at crossroads. Please first give all events, entity lists, and control routines of your simulation model; please then work out all the continuous processes of your simulation model; finally, complete your design for a discrete- continuous simulation model for this urban traffic control system. 17. Based on Figure 19.11, which is the flow chart of a discrete-event simulation project, develop a computer program package in whatever programming language you like for the discrete-event part of your simulation model of an urban traffic control system. 18. Advanced Continuous Simulation Language (ACSL) is another computer language designed for modeling and evaluating the performance of continuous processes and systems described by time-dependent, nonlinear differential equations. Please study ACSL and list all the differences from a computer programming language,