CHAPTER The nanomorphic cell CHAPTER OUTLINE 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1 Electronic scaling ....................................................................................................................................2 Nanomorphic cell.....................................................................................................................................4 ` The nanomorphic cell vis-a -vis the living cell...............................................................................4 Cell parameters: Mass, size, and energy ......................................................................................8 Current status of technologies for autonomous microsystems......................................................................9 Cardiac pacemakers ..................................................................................................................9 Lab-on-a-pill: Wireless capsule endoscopy systems ....................................................................10 `Smart Dust' ...........................................................................................................................11 Wireless integrated microsystems (WIMS) .................................................................................11 Concluding remarks .............................................................................................................................. 11