CHAPTER Non-Conventional Modulation Schemes CHAPTER OUTLINE HEAD 5 5.1 Hybrid Opto-Electronic Approaches ..................................................................................................114 5.1.1 Electro-Optic-on-ChipBraggModulator...................................................................... 114 5.1.2 PhotoInitiatedOn-ChipModulator............................................................................ 120 5.1.2.1 DeviceOperationModes.........................................................................................120 5.1.2.2 FabricationProcess................................................................................................122 5.1.2.3 ExperimentalCharacterizationandInterpretation ....................................................125 . 5.2 All-Optical Plasma Dispersion Effect-Based Approach .......................................................................127 5.2.1 TechnicalDescription .............................................................................................. 128 . 5.2.2 ExperimentalCharacterization .................................................................................. 129 . 5.3 Particle Trapping-Based Modulation.................................................................................................136 5.3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 136 5.3.2 All-OpticalNanomodulator,Sensor,WavelengthConverter,LogicGateand Flip-Flop ................................................................................................................ 136 .