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Each component in Hadoop is configured using an XML file. Common properties go in core-site.xml, HDFS properties go in hdfs-site.xml, and MapReduce properties go in mapred-site.xml. These files are all located in the conf subdirectory.
In earlier versions of Hadoop, there was a single site configuration file for the Common, HDFS, and MapReduce components, called hadoop-site.xml. From release 0.20.0 onward, this file has been split into three: one for each component. The property names have not changed, just the configuration file they have to go in. You can see the default settings for all the properties that are governed by these configuration files by looking in the docs directory of your Hadoop installation for HTML files called core-default.html, hdfs-default.html, and mapred-default.html.