You want to convert a data frame from “wide” format to “long” format.

Use melt() from the reshape2 package. In the anthoming data set, for each angle, there are two measurements: one column contains measurements in the experimental condition and the other contains measurements in the control condition:

library(gcookbook) # For the data set
anthoming

 angle expt ctrl
   -20    1    0
   -10    7    3
     0    2    3
    10    0    3
    20    0    1

We can reshape the data so that all the measurements are in one column. This will put the values from expt and ctrl into one column, and put the names into a different column:

library(reshape2)
melt(anthoming, id.vars="angle", variable.name="condition", value.name="count")

 angle condition count
   -20      expt     1
   -10      expt     7
     0      expt     2
    10      expt     0
    20      expt     0
   -20      ctrl     0
   -10      ctrl     3
     0      ctrl     3
    10      ctrl     3
    20      ctrl     1