Application of Particle Swarm Optimization for Achieving Desired Surface Roughness the cemented carbide (K10) inserts were used to machine the work pieces with the following ge- ometry: rake angle: 0º; clearance angle: 7º; major tool cutting edge angle: 91º; cutting edge inclina- tion angle: 0º. The CTGPL 2020K 11 (ISO) tool holder was used. The trials were randomized to avoid the error creeping into the system. The `Hommelwerke ® T1000' profilometer (ac- cording to ISO/DIS 4287/1E) was used to measure the arithmetic average surface roughness (R a ). The surface roughness of the work material was measured with 0.8 mm cut off value. The rough- ness was measured at six equally spaced locations around the circumference of the workpiece and the average was taken as the process response and is given in Table 1. sion analysis was performed. The experimental results of Table 1 were utilized to develop the RSM based second and third order models. These models were analyzed based on regression co- efficients and an appropriate model was selected for optimization. The proposed second order and third order models developed using RSM are given below: Second order model: R a = 2.486 - 0.027v - 5.1709f -1.197d - 0.0385vf - 0.0019vd + 8.2504fd + 0.0786vfd + 0.000106v 2 + 58.7652f 2 (7) Third order model: R a = -3.896 + 0.11933v ­ 11.866f + 5.096d- 0.3453vf -0.1277vd+5.831fd +0.0786vfd - 0.00045v 2 +200.591f 2 - 245.317f 3 + 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 v 2 f + 0 . 1 0 4 v f 2 + 0 . 0 0 0 4 8 9 v 2 d +5.226f 2 d (8) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION