xviii Foreword Since its beginnings in instructional media, ICT has evolved into a complex field that is driven by not only its history and guiding theories, but also by new technologies. New technologies are especially relevant with today's fast-paced development of technologies. Emerging technologies and their associ- ated methodologies are impacting all stages of education and training at an exponential rate. Of special note are the increased possibilities for interaction afforded by emerging technologies; interaction with learning objects, interaction between teacher and learner, and interaction among learners. As an ever- evolving field, ICT's theories reflect these new technologies and methodologies. Interactive learning issues like social presence and interface design are impacted by innovations such as online learning, augmented reality, pedagogical agents, virtual worlds-communities, interactive whiteboards, game-based learning, and interactive multimedia. With these new interactive technologies also come learner chal-