Challenges of Civil Military Cooperation / Coordination in Humanitarian Relief and displaced persons. Recently, some military organizations (for example the Nordic countries and Ireland) have started to see disaster relief as being in their normal sphere of activities, at least when it comes to domestic affairs. There is much debate over the role of the military within the humanitarian context. Within this environment, the military do not seem to participate in any systematic, overarching and coordinated humanitarian plan and are forced to dabble in the provision of humanitarian assistance in an ad hoc manner. There are guidelines, such as the Guidelines on the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets in Disaster Relief ­ Oslo Guidelines (United Nations, 1994), which set out occasions when the military should engage in humanitarian activities. However, these guidelines "are in fact rarely observed" (Gill et al., 2006, p. 41). The provision of humanitarian assistance by the military continues to generate passionate In situations of humanitarian relief, the inter- linked nature of security, aid and development is inescapable, with security necessary to enable progress on development, and immediate relief and longer-term development gains necessary to solidify the peace by giving people a stake in the new stability (Olson & Gregorian, 2007). Roles and mandates often overlap as military forces engage in aid provision and governance support, major donor representatives work directly with provincial and local governments, and develop- ment actors participate in the security sector re- form spectrum (of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR), justice reform, police reform) (De Conning, 2007). Whether interna- tional military forces, UN, humanitarian and relief agencies choose to explicitly work together or not, the outcomes of their efforts in such settings are deeply intertwined. Given this interdependence, improving how