IPv4 addresses are 32-bit dotted-decimal numbers, for example, 192.168.1.1 and can be statically (manually) inputed or dynamically assigned (DHCP). IP Classes include

• Class A range: 1–126, subnet mask: 255.0.0.0. Private: 10.x.x.x

• Class B range: 128–191, subnet mask: 255.255.0.0. Private: 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255

• Class C range: 192–223, subnet mask: 255.255.255.0. Private: 192.168.x.x

IPv6 addresses are 128-bit hexadecimal numbers, for example: 2001:7120:0000:8001:0000:0000:0000:1F10. ::1 is the loopback address. Unicast IPv6 addresses are assigned to a single interface and are the most common type.

Common network speeds are 1000Mbps and 100Mbps.

Common protocols include

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol). Port 21

• SSH (Secure Shell). Port 22

• Telnet. Port 23

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). Port 25

• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Port 80

• POP3 (Post Office Protocol). Port 110

• HTTPS (HTTP Secure). Port 443

Common cabling protocols include

• Category 3: 10Mbps

• Category 5: 100Mbps

• Category 5e: Rated for 100Mbps and gigabit networks

• Category 6: Rated for 100Mbps and gigabit networks

Common command-line tools include

• Ipconfig: Displays current TCP/IP network configuration values; Ipconfig/all shows additional information.

• Ping: Tests whether another host is available over the network (example: ping 192.168.1.1)

• Tracert: Sends packets to test destinations beyond the local computer’s network

• Netstat: Shows the network statistics for the local computer

• Nslookup: Used to query DNS servers to find out DNS details including the IP address of hosts

• Net: Used to map network drives, view computers, and start and stop services.

Wireless Ethernet versions, including their name, data transfer rate, frequency, and modulation used

• 802.11a, 54Mbps, 5GHz, OFDM

• 802.11b, 11Mbps, 2.4 GHz, DSSS

• 802.11g, 54Mbps, 2.4 GHz, OFDM

• 802.11n, 600Mbps (300 typical), 5 and 2.4GHz, OFDM

Bluetooth is a short range technology aimed at simplifying communications and synchronization among network devices. Bluetooth is divided into three classes. Class I has a maximum transmission range of 100 meters, Class II (the most common) has a range of 10 meters, and Class III is short range and hardly used at 1 meter. Bluetooth Version 1 has a maximum data transfer rate of 721Kbps, and version 2 is 2.1Mbps.

Wireless encryption protocols include

• WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), 64-bit key size (typical)

• WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), 256-bit

• TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol), 128-bit

• AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), 128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit

Port forwarding forwards an external network port to an internal IP address and port.

Port triggering enables you to specify outgoing ports that your computer uses for special applications; their corresponding inbound ports open automatically when the sessions are established.