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The original Microsoft filesystem was called FAT (File Allocation Table). Windows NT introduced a more robust and secure filesystem called NTFS (New Technology File System).
FAT uses a linked list to keep track of the files on the partition, like a table of contents, with entries generally listed in the order the files were added to the partition. FAT supports a few attributes, such as Time Saved, Date Saved, Parent Container, Read Only, Archive, System, Hidden, and Directory (vs. File). FAT typically has three possible implementations: FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32.