6. Laboratory: Separating Mixtures........................................................................................... 93 Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and Sucrose.............................................94 Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify Ethanol .....................................................................................97 Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper Sulfate ............................................................ 101 Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction ................................................................................................105 Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures ......................................108 Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate ...................................................................116 7. Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions ................................................................................... 121 Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Solid Chemical................................................... 126 Laboratory 7.2: Make Up a Molal Solution of a Solid Chemical................................................... 133 Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Liquid Chemical ................................................ 136 Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-to-Volume Percentage Solution ..............................................140 Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry ........................ 142 8. Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions ................................................................. 147 Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation ............................................. 149 Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression ...................................... 153 Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure .......................................................... 156 9. Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry ....................................161 Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition Reaction ........................................................................ 163 Laboratory 9.2: Observe a Decomposition Reaction ................................................................... 167 Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single Displacement Reaction ...........................................................171 Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction .......................................... 175 10. Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions ........................................................ 181