Appendix A. Annotated Bibliography and Notes

Annas, George J. Standard of Care: The Law of American Bioethics. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Written by a leading bioethicist, Standard of Care explores the intersection between medicine, society, and the law by examining important bioethics cases that ended up in the courtroom. Topics in this book include abortion, AIDS, euthanasia, organ transplantation, and genetic research.

Bertillion, Alphonse (Chief of the Judicial Identification Service of France). Signaletic Instructions, Including the Theory and Practice of Anthropometrical Identification. Translated from the latest French edition, with 132 figures, plates and tables. Edited by Major R. W. McClaughry, late General Superintendent of Police of Chicago. Chicago: The Werner Company, 1896.

This book describes the Bertillion system of identification, which was among the first biometric systems to be developed and deployed in modern times.

Brin, David. Earth. New York: Bantam, 1990.

Brin's "no-privacy" vision of the Earth's future paints a world in environmental and political crisis. Set sometime in the next century, when video cameras are everywhere, all of the world's data is available cheaply on the data net, and vast destructive technology is routinely used by renegade individuals. Excellent reading, although the physics is a bit unlikely.

Brin, David. The Transparent Society. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1998.

Rather than cling to an illusion of anonymity, Brin argues that we should focus on guarding the most important forms of privacy and preserving mutual accountability. The biggest threat to our freedom, Brin warns, is that surveillance technology will be used by too few people, rather than too many.

Burnham, David. The Rise of the Computer State: A Chilling Account of the Computer's Threat to Society. New York: Random House, 1983.

Burnham's book was the classic computer privacy and data protection book of the 1980s. In it, he talks about the rising threat of computer tracking services, credit agencies, tenant screening services, and worker monitoring. What's sad about this book is that the majority of the problems Burnham discusses have only gotten worse, and the lack of legal protection he bemoans has only become more damaging to the fabric of society.

Calvin, William H. Conversations with Neil's Brain: The Neural Nature of Thought and Language. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1994.

This book details current developments in neurobiology and microanatomy that may one day make brain wiretapping possible.

Cavoukian, Ann, and Don Tapscott. Who Knows? Safeguarding Your Privacy in a Networked World. Toronto: Random House of Canada, 1995.

Written by the one of Canada's data protection commissioners, this book is a good primer on data protection in the U.S. and Canada.

Cranor, Carl F., ed. Are Genes Us? The Social Consequences of the New Genetics. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1994.

An excellent primer on genetics, with a special chapter on genetic identification techniques.

Crevier, Daniel. AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York: Basic Books, 1993.

A comprehensive history of artificial intelligence, with special emphasis on the AI boom-and-bust of the 1980s.

Cummins, Harold, and Charles Midlo. Finger Prints, Palms and Soles: An Introduction to Dermatoglyphics. Philadelphia: The Blakiston Company, 1943.

A textbook on fingerprints from the middle of this century. Particularly interesting is the history of fingerprints and the discussion of the genetic component of fingerprints that had been observed at the time—before the genetic basis of heredity was understood.

Cushman, Robert E. Civil Liberties in the United States: A Guide to Current Problems and Experience. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956.

Surveys current civil liberties issues in the United States, with special attention to racial and sexual discrimination, but gives no attention to privacy issues.

Eaton, Joseph W. Card-Carrying Americans: Privacy, Security, and the National ID Card Debate. Totowa: Rowman & Littlefield, 1986.

Eaton argues that the United States must adopt a national identification card system in order to stamp out illegal immigration and provide accountability for people making changes to computerized records. The card would contain a biometric to validate the holder. What Eaton fails to anticipate is the widespread deployment of data networks, and especially wireless data networks, which make such cards unnecessary.

Etzioni, Amitai. The Limits of Privacy. New York: Basic Books, 1999.

Etzioni's controversial book argues that we don't have too little privacy, but too much. In the area of HIV testing, sex offender registries, cryptography, and ID cards, Etzioni argues that the rights of the community to know facts about its members outweigh the rights of individuals to their privacy. Interestingly, the only area in which Etzioni says we do not have enough privacy is the area of medical records. And here, Etzioni says, the threat isn't Big Brother—it's Big Business.

Finn, James, and Leonard R. Sussman, eds. Today's American: How Free? New York: Freedom House, 1986.

This book contains an interesting set of essays exploring freedom in modern society. Particularly noteworthy is a chapter by John Diebold, president of the Diebold Group, which explores the impact that computers have had on privacy and freedom.

Flaherty, David H. Privacy in Colonial New England. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972.

Flaherty's doctoral thesis examines the roots of American thought on privacy by exploring privacy in Boston and other New England towns.

Garson, Barbara. The Electronic Sweatshop: How Computers Are Transforming the Office of the Future into the Factory of the Past.New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.

Garson's volume investigates the introduction of computers and advanced telecommunications technologies into the American workplace in the mid-1980s. She shows that these technologies, originally designed to improve efficiency, were quickly adopted to monitor workers, even when such monitoring proved ineffective and even detrimental. Garson contrasts the American experience with Europe, where strict laws were passed to limit the keystroke-by-keystroke monitoring of workers.

Givens, Beth and the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, with Dale Fetherling. The Privacy Rights Handbook: How to Take Control of Your Personal Information. New York: Avon Books, 1997.

Givens' book is based on two concepts: knowledge and action. Using examples from the thousands of people who have called her organization's California hotline, Givens explains what's driving companies that are invading our privacy and says what to do about it. The book is divided into six parts that cover dealing with invasive commerce; safeguarding personal records; pitfalls of telecommunications; privacy on the job; personal safety; and activism.

Lalonde, Peter, and Paul Lalonde. The Mark of the Beast: Your Money, Computers, and the End of the World. Eugene: Harvest House Publishers, 1994.

Lalonde and Lalonde paint an apocalyptic vision inspired by Revelations that a new global economy, and the numbering of the world's inhabitants with marks on their hands or foreheads, will bring about the end of the world. Although ridiculed by many, this is another argument that is frequently used against universal enumeration.

Long, Senator Edward V. The Intruders: The Invasion of Privacy by Government and Industry, with a Foreword by Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey. New York: Praeger, 1966.

Senator Edward V. Long headed the U.S. Senate's Subcommittee on the Invasion of Privacy. This book details the growing trend of electronic surveillance by government and industry in the 1960s. Also recounted in detail is the monitoring of the mails. Especially interesting are accounts of wiretapping by the Food and Drug Administration, which used electronic surveillance to gain evidence against those who were selling unapproved food additives, and the Internal Revenue Service, which used wiretaps in order to find unreported income. Readers will also be amused by photographs showing a variety of spy listening devices, such as a bugged olive, a gun that fires a dart containing a microphone, and a "shocker" that can be mounted on the back of "a young woman" in order to aid gambling.

Miller, Arthur R. The Assault on Privacy: Computers, Data Banks, and Dossiers.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970.

An excellent history of the politics and events leading up to the adoption of the Fair Credit Reporting Act.

Murphy, Paul L. World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1979.

Murphy's thesis is that prior to World War I, violations of civil liberties were reasonably widespread and fairly tolerated. But there were so many civil liberties violations during the war, Murphy argues, and they were targeted so broadly, that the resulting backlash ignited the American civil liberties movement.

Orwell, George. 1984. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1949.

Fifty years after its publication, many people forget that George Orwell's classic dystopian vision was less about privacy than about totalitarianism. Big Brother's control on his society was maintained by controlling the past and striking fear into the hearts of those in the present.

Packard, Vance. The Naked Society. New York: David McKay Co., 1964.

This is Packard's monumental work on privacy and surveillance in the 1960s. Packard considers assaults on privacy at home, in the workplace, by government, and by industry. He looks at the economic and political factors forcing the new era of surveillance, and makes concrete recommendations for what should be done.

Phillips, John Aristotle, and David Michaelis. Mushroom: The Story of the A-bomb Kid.New York: Morrow. 1978.

John Aristotle Phillips was a student who discovered that he could create detailed plans for making an atomic bomb using only publicly available sources. He proved that our "nuclear secrets" are far less secret than many people think.

Ramberg, Bennett. Nuclear Power Plants as Weapons for the Enemy: An Unrecognized Military Peril. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Ramberg shows that you don't even need to have nuclear secrets to create nuclear fallout: all you need is a truck packed with explosives and a handy civilian nuclear power plant.

Robin, Leonard. Money Troubles: Legal Strategies to Cope with Your Debts,4th ed.Berkeley: Nolo Press, 1996.

Discusses techniques for obtaining credit reports and dealing with incorrect information in credit reporting databanks.

Rosenberg, Jerry M. The Death of Privacy. New York: Random House, 1969.

Rosenberg's book discusses the impact of electronic data processing on personal privacy in the late 1960s. It is another book that argued for the passage of laws in the United States to protect individuals from incorrect or inappropriate information being stored in computer databanks.

Rothfeder, Jeffrey. Privacy for Sale: How Computerization has Made Everyone's Private Life an Open Secret. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

In 1990, journalist Jeffrey Rothfeder obtained Vice President Dan Quayle's credit report while working on a project at Business Week magazine. After leaving Business Week, Rothfeder wrote Privacy For Sale, a survey of privacy issues with special attention directed at record aggregating firms called "super bureaus." This volume is notable, in part, for its in-depth profile of journalist Dan Rather's private life, a profile that was created and published without Mr. Rather's consent.

Schwartz, Paul, and Joel Reidenberg. Data Protection Law: A Study of United States Data Protection. Dayton: Michie, 1996.

An extensive review of data protection law and current industry practices.

Smith, H. Jeff. Managing Privacy: Information Technology and Corporate America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

Smith's thesis from the Harvard Business School examines how major U.S. corporations handle personal information. It is the only summary of its kind.

Smith, Robert E., and Eric Siegel. War Stories: Accounts of Persons Victimized by Invasions of Privacy. Available from Privacy Journal (P.O. Box 28577, Providence, RI 02908; 401-274-7861), 1994.

Describes more than 500 cases of invasion of privacy, including abuses in credit reports, medical information, "identity theft," electronic surveillance, Internet use, government information, telephone solicitation, and more. Published by the editor of the Privacy Journal.

Smith, Robert E., and Eric Siegel. War Stories II.Available from Privacy Journal (P.O. Box 28577, Providence, RI 02908; 401-274-7861), 1997.

Provides additional cases from the Privacy Journal.

Stephenson, Neal. Snow Crash. New York: Bantam, 1992.

Stephenson's novel, set in the early twenty-first century, features ubiquitous video cameras, wearcams, bugged virtual environments, the massive democratization of destructive technologies, and honest-to-goodness brain wiretapping and control. Snow Crash prophesied many of the technologies discussed in Database Nation; this, combined with a lively story, makes the novel both enjoyable and thought provoking.

Turkington, Richard C., George B. Trubow, Anita L. Allen. Privacy: Cases and Materials. Houston: The John Marshall Publishing Co., 1992.

A strong textbook for teaching the history and current status of privacy law, both on and off the Internet.

Twain, Mark. Pudd'nhead Wilson: A Tale. London: Chatto & Windus, 1894.

Twain's novel introduced many Americans to the idea that fingerprints could be used for both identification and criminal investigations.

Wayner, Peter. Disappearing Cryptography. Boston: AP Professional, 1996.

Wayner's book explores the science of stenography—techniques for hiding encrypted information in other pieces of data so that the encrypted information cannot be discovered. Stenography has direct implications for watermarking and law enforcement.

Westin, Alan F., Project Director, Michael A. Baker, Assistant Project Director. Databanks in a Free Society: Computers, Record-Keeping and Privacy. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972.

This book reports the findings of a National Research Council study on the growth of electronic databanks and their impact on American society. The book contains in-depth reports on computers operated in 1970–71 by the federal government, states, commercial organizations, colleges, and other nonprofit organizations. Readers will find especially interesting the reports on the computers operated by the Social Security Administration, the FBI's National Crime Information Center; Bank of America; TRW's Credit Data Corporation; the R. L. Polk and Company mailing list operation; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and the Church of the Latter-Day Saints. The book also summarizes the results of site visits to 55 advanced systems located around the United States. It predicts future directions in computer technology, and then considers the impact of computers on public policy. Because of the staying power of legacy systems, many of the organizations profiled by Westin et. al. are still in use today, making this book still timely 28 years after its publication.

Wilson, Thomas F., and Paul L. Woodard. Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems: Technology and Policy Issues. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, April 1987. Pub. No. NCJ-104342.

This report, summarizing the dramatic success of AFIS systems, marks the beginning of the widespread adoption and acceptance of AFIS technology in the United States.