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Chapter 4, “Network Parameters,” discusses general network parameters that can represent arbitrary passive structures. These network parameters provide accurate channel models for frequency domain analysis, but they can lead to numerically unstable or erroneous time-domain models. For uniform interconnect structures, a transmission line model provides a more physically intuitive and accurate circuit model than general network models. A thorough understanding of transmission line models helps SI engineers develop accurate channel models and leads to better physical channel designs. The first quarter of this chapter covers the basic theory of the telegrapher’s equations and transmission line parameters. It also presents the formula used to convert transmission line parameters to other network parameters.