vii Foreword It is widely recognized that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in any country's economy. They are important contributors to the national GDP and also relevant creators of jobs. In- novative entrepreneurship is often presented as the main strength of SMEs, which compensates for a lack of resources and of advanced managerial skills. Although innovation might be present at the mo- ment of creation of a SME, its sustained competitiveness demands for continuous pursuit of new prod- ucts, services, or processes. However, due to their nature, SMEs have difficulties on establishing R&D units to address those innovation issues. Open innovation is an alternative to organizational innovation approaches based on internal resources and efforts only. It is being widely accepted by large corporations, in many sectors of the economy, which recognize the benefits of opening their innovation processes and initiatives to the participation of