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1. Thomas A. Stewart, “A Way to Measure Worldwide Success”, Fortune, Mar. 15, 1999, p. 196.
2. We would like to thank Michael Knetter and Anant Sundaram for helpful comments on this chapter. In developing our thinking on this chapter, we have also benefited from the pioneering work of R. E. Caves, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982; P. J. Buckley and M. Casson, The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976; S. H. Hymer, “The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment”, PhD dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1960; and R. Vernon, Storm over the Multinationals, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.