4.2. THE LEADERSHIP-FOLLOWERSHIP ORGANIZATIONAL POSITION PARADIGM

Much of the research and application in the field of leadership has been devoted to individuals working in hierarchical organizations.^[] This has led to the ongoing debate over leadership versus management. Rost noted that a "school" of leadership had emerged from the 1930s on. In what Rost termed the industrial culture, "the scholars and practitioners in that culture could do no less than give the coveted and new concept of leadership a definition that equated it not with just management but with good management."^[] In this paradigm, a leader is anyone with a position of authority within a formal organization.

4.2.1. Concepts

Fundamental to the leader-follower position paradigm is the concept of the formal, hierarchical, and bureaucratic organization that has division of labor, multiple levels of management, and written policies and procedures. The hierarchy is represented in the classic organization chart, and the bureaucracy can be seen in written documents, such as manuals and handbooks. Within the hierarchy, every manager has the authority to operate within his or her own unit but must report to someone in the next level above.