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    Endnotes

    1.For example, Peter F. Drucker, Managing in Turbulent Times (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), Charles Handy, The Age of Unreason (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1989).
    2.Often, the success of America was framed in the language of technological supremacy, with science the handmaiden of the practical. See, for example, Carrol Pursell, The Machine in America: A Social History of Technology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
    3.Jonathan Hughes, American Economic History (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1997): 502–503, 517–525.
    4.William J. Baumol, Sue Anne Batey Blackman, and Edward N. Wolff, Productivity and American Leadership: The Long View (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989): 143–159; see also James W. Cortada, Info-America (forthcoming).
    5.A team of scholars has recently documented America's road to the Information Age, beginning with the 1700s, in Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. and James W. Cortada (eds.), A Nation Transformed by Information: How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
    6.A possible exception is music, which was noisy, but which also came into our lives in greater quantity thanks to such technological innovations as digital instruments and the Internet.
    7.The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics did begin at the end of the 1990s to define this new economy, beginning by describing classes of work and to be followed with measures of productivity.
    8.Alan Stone, How America Got On-Line: Politics, Markets, and the Revolution in Telecommunications (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997): 114–115; U.S. Department of Commerce, The Emerging Digital Economy II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1999).
    9.I have explored this in considerable detail in "Info-America: The Use of Information in Modern America" (forthcoming).
    10.Leslie Kaufman, "Amazon to Remake Itself Into a Bazaar on the Internet," The New York Times, September 30, 1999, Internet edition, http://nytimes.com.
    11.Manuel Castells, "A new world is taking shape in this end of millennium. It originated in the historical coincidence, around the late 1960s and mid-1970s, of three independent processes: the information technology revolution; the economic crisis of both capitalism and statism, and their subsequent restructuring; and the blooming of cultural social movements, such as lilbertarianism, human rights, feminism, and environmentalism," End of Millennium (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998): 336.
    12.Now well documented by Don Tapscott, Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998), in which he argues that the children of the new millenium "grew up surrounded by digital media," p. 1.
    13.Ibid., 4.
    14.The notion of mass customization was most dramatically brought to our attention by B. Joseph Pine II, Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1993).
    15.Philip Evans and Thomas S. Wurster, Blown to Bits: How the Economics of Information Transforms Strategy (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2000): 150–152, 162–166.
    16.Paco Underhill, Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999): 213–219.
    17.Semiconductors are the building blocks of the Information Economy, a theme I explored in Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., and James W. Cortada (eds.), A Nation Transformed by Information, How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 177–216.
    18.Peter J. Denning and Robert M. Metcalfe (eds.), Beyond Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of Computing (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1997) is one of the most rational views of the future, collected by a group of distinguished technologists agreeing more often than not about where we are headed.
    19.It is not uncommon today, for example, for a car's software (which is housed in these chips), to have 30,000 lines of instructions.
    21.As of this writing (2000), the one holdout is Fidel Castro's Cuba.
    22.Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stephan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), first quote p. 435, second quote, p. 457.
    23.Ibid.,
    24.Based on World Bank data reproduced in Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State: The Rise of Regional Economies (New York: Free Press, 1995): 90–92.
    25.Demographic considerations are often ignored by senior executives as they plan the futures of their firms. For an introduction to current trends and implications, see W.W. Rostow, The Great Population Spike and After: Reflections on the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
    26.Paul Bairoch, Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993): 126–132, 167–168. The distinguished political scientist Samuel P. Huntington has recently begun to emphasize our need to understand the role of culture in global politics and economics. See, for example, his most recent book, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
    27.These case studies are explained in detail in James N. Cortada and James W. Cortada, Can Democracy Survive in Western Europe? (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996).
    28.His books include Strategy and Structure (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1962); The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977); Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990).



      

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