280 T H E N E W M A N A G E M E N T for organizational learning, 188, 190 Inner leadership. See under Leader- ship Institutions: authoritarian control in, 255; confidence in, 2; failure of, 1­2; shareholder, 62 Interdependence, 96, 157­158, 172 Interest rates, convergence in, 241 Internal market: adoption of prac- tices, 19, 34, 43, 49; advantages of, 49­50; in business schools, 27­28; compared to free enter- prise, 8­9; corporate community and, 14, 84­90; defined, 9; employment contracts and, 140; entrepreneurial energy in, 33­34; examples of, 31, 35, 37, 39; guides to reorganizing into, 48; inappropriate situations for, 45; leadership of, 41­42; mecha- nisms vs. economy, 49; political views of, 83­84; principles of, 33, 36­42; skepticism about, 33; strengths and weaknesses of, 36, 43­45. See also Enterprise Internet, 30, 85, 209 Intraprises, 36­37 Intuition, spirituality in, 218 Italy, economy in, 235 Japan: collaboration in, 229; corpo- rate community in, 65; down- sizing in, 29; economic dilemma in, 235, 236; New Management challenges in, 94; role in global economy, 249­250 Jobs, loss in, 29, 85 Johnson & Johnson, 35, 41­42, 65, 69 Juran, J.M., 6 Kennedy, Allen, 5, 6 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 204 Kmart, 111 Knowledge economy: development of, 134­136; leadership in, 206, 207, 208; management's role in, 1, 41­42, 47, 67, 90; need for cooperation in, 86­90. See also Information Age Knowledge work: adoption of entrepreneurial practices, 11, 15, 19, 151; employment contracts for, 139­143, 147, 151, 152­153; exemplars of, 138; jobs, 45­46, 143­148; new demands of, 148­153; self-management in, 137, 139, 141, 143 Koch Industries, 35 Kodak, 74­75 Kondratieff cycle, 133 Labor-management conflict, 132­134 Latin America, economic dilemma in, 236­237 Lawrence, Paul, 4, 5 Leadership: evolution of, 11, 206­208; inner domain of, 16, 17, 19, 203­205, 216­220; of internal markets, 41­42; need for global, 229; participative, 17, 201­203, 206­210, 223­224; principles of, 203; in serving organizations, 121­122; steward- ship and, 75­76; strategic change and, 184­185; synergy from, 42; as wise use of power, 203. See also Authority; Power Learning organization, 111 LeFauve, Richard, 12 Legal issues, in corporate gover- nance, 62­63 Levi-Strauss, 69 Liberal and conservative synthesis, 83­84, 89, 212 Lifestyles, ecological health and, 171­173 Listening, problem solving and, 215­216 L. L. Bean, 121, 122­123 Lockheed, 138 Lorsch, Jay, 4, 5 Malone, Thomas, 44 Management: compared to science, 21; conflict with labor, 132­134; confusion over paradigms, 6­8, 18­19, 23n.11, 255­257; employee confidence in, 234; evolution of, 2, 4­6, 11; leader- ship and, 41­42, 201­224; mech- anistic view of, 2; organic views of, 6, 196­198; rise in, 1, 22n.2; role in knowledge economy, 1, 41­42, 47, 67, 90; spiritual approach to, 217­219; steward- ship and, 74­76; strategic, 182­ 185; use of democracy and enter- prise in, 8­11, 255­257, 260­ 261. See also New Management Marketing: centripetal vs. centrifu- gal, 111; client-driven, 116­119, 248; as enterprise unit, 38; focus on selling in, 107­109; high- technology, 112­114; niche, 112; truthful, 114­116 Market organizations, 28­35, 46­47 Markets: compared to capitalism, 228; entrepreneurial energy in, 33­34; social values and, 167; sustainability and, 169­170; vs. central planning, 34, 49. See also Internal market Marriott, 121 Marshall Industries, 142 M*A*S*H, 209 Maslow, Abraham, 4, 5 Matrix organizations, 31, 32 Matsushita, 35 Mayo, Elton, 4, 5 McDonald's, 121, 155­156 McGraw-Hill, 190 McGregor, Douglas, 4, 5 MCI, 12, 13, 35, 40, 41 Media, 59­60, 107­108, 114 Meditation, 218 Men's movement, 209 Mentor Graphics, 221 Merck Corporation, 35, 65 Middle East, economic dilemma in, 237 Miles, Ray, xi­xiii, 5, 6 Minnesota Mining and Manufactur- ing Company (3M), 164 Mintzberg, Henry, 4, 5 Motivation: organizational structure and, 44; for work, 140­141, 154n.12 Motorola: internal markets in, 35; knowledge work in, 138; organi- zational balance in, 92­93 Munger, Tolles & Olsen, 142 Murray, Charles, 149­150 MusicWriter, 113 National Bicycle Company, 138 Nations, disaggregation of, 239 NCR Corporation, 65 Networks: global, 47; information, 63, 190, 196; managed by mar- kets, 46­47; as successor to hierarchies, 30, 52n.8 New Capitalism, 18, 245, 247­249. See also Democratic enterprise The New Capitalism (Halal), xvii­xviii, 6 New Management: CIT study ques- tionnaire on, 269­276; compared to old management, 6­8, 10­12, 78­79, 89, 270; confusion over,