index 273 Jefferson, Thomas, 52 jellybean experiment, 141 Jews, 14, 19 Johnson, Ben, 17 Johnson, Simon, 65 Jones, Alfred Winslow, 56­57 JP Morgan, 64 Kahneman, Daniel, 85­87, 178, 206 keno, 131, 222 Kerviel, Jérôme, 60­61, 63, 65 Knight, Hazel, 141 Korean War, 48 Langer, Ellen, 166­67 Laplace, Pierre­Simon, 129 Las Vegas, 57, 98­99, 144, 204 law of averages, 23 law of large numbers, xv, 33, 87, 216, 243, 251n3, 256n12; actual vs. calculated mean and, 123­24; bell curve and, 128­29; Bernoulli and, 118­29; bino- mial frequency curve and, 123, 128­29, "Lenin" (teacher), 76­82 Liber de Ludo Aleae (Cardano), 21, 29, 131, 257nn4,5 Lloyd's of London, 55­56 London, Shalanda, 169­70 long runs, 22, 25, 214; coins and, 206­7; expectation and, 116­17; gambler's fallacy and, 23­24 (see also gambler's fallacy); gambler's psyche and, 183, 192, 199; hot hand fallacy and, 205­8; prob- ability and, 95; skill and, 135, 141, 143, 149, 151­52; weak law of large numbers and, 118­20, 123, 130 loo, 222 lots, xv, 6­8, 212 lotteries, xiv­xv; addiction of, 199; American fascination with, 50, 131, 193, 214­15; British National Lottery and, 194; cheating and, 52; financing from, 51, 138; first recorded, 51; fraudulent, 51­53; futility of, xiv, xvi; gaming and, 250n13; Han Dynasty and, 50; historical perspective on, 6, 50­51, 53, 57, 253n4;