from coffeehouses to casinos 45 moved south to Monaco, which was by then established as the jewel of the Riviera because of its rich elegance. 23 The railroads were run- ning along the coast from Nice, the roads over the once impassable terrain of the Alps from the north were paved, so the crowds could pack into Monte Carlo at all seasons of the year. The casino, not as elegant as it would soon become, attracted a lower class of gam- blers along with nobility, such as the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII under the pseudonym of "Captain White" or "Baron Renfew"). But this new casino was different; by the 1920s it would be the gambling mecca of the world, housing a theater, highlighting famous actors such as Sarah Bernhardt as well as the Russian Bal- let, an opera house heralding Enrico Caruso, chic dining and lodg- ing, sailing and automobile races. Monaco, with its phenomenal tax advantage (meaning no income tax at all), attracted the wealthiest people of the world to be its new citizens and residents.