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| 22. | National Science Foundation, Information Technology Research (ITR), program solicitation NSF 99-167, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1999/nsf99167/nsf99167.htm |
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| 24. | National Science Foundation, Information Technology Research (ITR), program solicitation NSF 01-149, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2001/nsf01149/nsf01149.htm |
| 25. | National Science Foundation, Information Technology Research (ITR) Fiscal Year 2003 Announcement, program solicitation NSF-02-168, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2002/nsf02168/nsf02168.htm; Information Technology Research for National Priorities (ITR) Fiscal Year 2004 Announcement, program solicitation NSF 04-012, http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf04012/nsf04012.htm |
| 26. | http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/press/00/pr0061.htm; http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/press/01/pr0174.htm; http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/pr0278.htm; http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03103.htm; http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100449 |
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| 29. | Igor Zutic, Jaroslav Fabian, and S. Das Sarma, “Spintronics: Fundamentals and Applications,” Reviews of Modern Physics, 76:323–410, 2004. |
| 30. | http://www.ices.utexas.edu/ccm/itamit/index.html |
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| 32. | Interagency Working Group on Information Technology Research and Development, Grand Challenges: Science, Engineering, and Societal Advances Requiring Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (Arlington, VA: National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development, 2003). |
| 33. | Interagency Working Group on Information Technology Research and Development, Grand Challenges: Science, Engineering, and Societal Advances Requiring Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (Arlington, VA: National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development, 2003, p. 12). |
| 34. | Interagency Working Group on Information Technology Research and Development, Grand Challenges: Science, Engineering, and Societal Advances Requiring Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (Arlington, VA: National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development, 2003, p. 38). |
| 35. | David Hart, “Cyberinfrastructure: A Special Report,” http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/cyber/agrand.jsp |
| 36. | Peter D. Lax (ed.), Report of the Panel on Large Scale Computing in Science and Engineering, unpublished document, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation in cooperation with the Department of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, December 26, 1982. |
| 37. | William Sims Bainbridge, Edward E. Brent, Kathleen Carley, David R. Heise, Michael W. Macy, Barry Markovsky, and John Skvoretz, “Artificial Social Intelligence,” Annual Review of Sociology, 20:407–436, 1994. |
| 38. | Alan Kornberg and Peter Arzberger, Connecting and Collaborating: Issues for the Sciences, http://www.sdsc.edu/CC/cc.html |
| 39. | Edward F. Hayes, Report of the Task Force on the Future of the NSF Supercomputer Centers Program, http://www.pnl.gov/scales/docs/nsf_centers_1995.pdf |
| 40. | Stephen M. Griffin, “NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative: A Program Manager’s Perspective,” D-Lib Magazine, July/August 1998, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july98/07griffin.html |
| 41. | http://www.loc.gov/index.html; http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ |
| 42. | http://www.pir.uniprot.org/; http://www.us-vo.org/; http://www.digimorph.org/ |
| 43. | Raj Reddy and Irving Wladawsky-Berger (eds.), Digital Libraries: Universal Access to Human Knowledge (Arlington, VA: National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development, 2001). |
| 44. | Daniel E. Atkins (ed.), Revolutionizing Science and Engineering through Cyberinfrastructure: Report of the National Science Foundation Blue-Ribbon Advisory Panel on Cyberinfrastructure (Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, 2003, p. ES1). |