Cluster Origin of Solvent Features (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron micros- copies, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The chemically modified GR and PANI NFs formed a uniform NC with PANI NFs adsorbed on GR surface and/or filled between GR sheets. Such uniform structure together with the observed high conductivities afforded high specific capacitance and good cycling stability during the charge/ discharge process when used as supercapacitor electrodes. They achieved a specific capacitance of 480F·g ­1 at a current density of 0.1A·g ­1 over a PANI-doped GR NC. High specific capacitance and good cycling stability can be achieved dop- ing either chemically modified GRs with PANI or bulky PANIs with GR/GO. SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOHORNS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) are horn- shaped single-wall tubules with a conical tip. They are synthesized by laser ablation of pure graphite without using metal catalyst, with high production rate/yield, and typically form radial aggregates. The SWNHs are essentially metal-free/pure, which avoids cumbersome purification and makes them user-friendly and environmentally benign. The SWNHs were studied for applications, e.g., gas storage, adsorption, catalyst support, drug delivery system, NMR, electrochemistry (EC), biosensing, photovoltaic, photoelectrochemical and fuel cells, photodynamic therapy, etc. Gudi & Martin (2010), Pagona et al. (2009) and Yudasaka et al. (2008) reviewed physico-chemical applications. Zhu & Xu (2010) outlined SWNH research, e.g., proper- ENERGY LANDSCAPES IN B CHEMISTRY: BOTTOM-