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Linux Shells by Example

Linux Shells by Example

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Contents

Acknowldgements

About the Author

Ch. 1. Introduction to Linux Shells

Ch. 2. The Linux Tool Box

Ch. 3. The Grep Family (Gnu & Sons)

Ch. 4. The Streamlined Editor

Ch. 5. Gawk Utility: Gawk as a Linux Tool

Ch. 6. The Gawk Utility: Evaluating Expressions

Ch. 7. The Gawk Utility: Gawk Programming

Ch. 8. The Interactive Bash Shell

Ch. 9. Programming with the Bash Shell

Ch. 10. The Interactive TC Shell

Ch. 11. Programming with the TC Shell

Appx. A. Useful Linux/UNIX Utilities for Shell Programmers

apropos—searches the what is database for strings

arch—prints the machine architecture (see uname -m)

at—at, atq, atrmbatch—execute commands at a later time

awk (gawk)—pattern scanning and processing language

banner—make posters

basename—with a directory name delivers portions of the pathname

bash—Gnu Bourne Again Shell

bc—processes precision arithmetic

biff [ny]—be notified if mail arrives and who it is from

cal—displays a calendar

cat—concatenates and displays files

chfn—change the finger information

chmod—change the permissions mode of a file

chown—change the user and group ownership of files

chsh—change your login shell

clear—clears the terminal screen

cmp—compares two files

compress—compress, uncompress, zcat compress, uncompress files, or display expanded files

cp—copies files

cpio—copy file archives in and out

cron—the clock daemon

crypt—encodes or decodes a file

cut—removes selected fields or characters from each line of a file

date—displays the date and time or sets the date

dd—converts a file while copying it

diff—compares two files for differences

dos, xdos, dosexec, dosdebug—a Linux dos emulator that runs MS-DOS and MS-DOS programs under Linux

df—summarizes free disk space

du-summarizes disk usage

echo—echoes arguments

egrep—searches a file for a pattern using full regular expressions

expr—evaluates arguments as an expression.

fgrep—search a file for a character string

file—determines the type of a file by looking at its contents

find—finds files

finger—displays information about local and remote users

fmt—simple text formatters

fold—folds long lines

ftp—file transfer program

free—displays amount of free and used memory in the system

fuser—identifies processes using files or sockets

gawk—pattern scanning and processing language

gcc, g++—Gnu project C and C++ Compiler (v2.7)

getopt(s)—parses command line options

grep—searches a file for a pattern (See Chapter 3)

groups—prints group membership of user

gzip, gunzip, zcat—compresses or expands files

head—outputs the first ten lines of a file(s)

host—prints information about specified hosts or zones in DNS

id—prints the username, user ID, group name, and group ID

jsh—the standard, job control shell

kill—sends a signal to terminate one or more processes

killall—kills processes by name

less—opposite of more

line—reads one line

ln—creates hard links to files

logname—gets the name of the user running the process

look—displays lines beginning with a given string

lp (ATT, Linux)—sends output to a printer

lpr (UCB, Linux)—sends output to a printer

lpstat (ATT)—prints information about the status of the LP print service

lpq (UCB, Linux)—prints information about the status of the printer

ls, dir, vdir—lists contents of directory

mail—mail, rmail—reads mail or send mail to users

mailx—interactive message processing system

make—maintains, updates, and regenerates groups of related programs and files

man—formats and displays the online manual pages

manpath—determines user's search path for man pages

mesg—permits or denies messages resulting from the write command

mkdir—creates a directory

more—browses or pages through a text file

mtools—utilities to access DOS disks in UNIX

mv—moves or renames files

nawk—pattern scanning and processing language

newgrp—logs in to a new group

news—prints news items

nice—runs a command at low priority

nohup—makes commands immune to hangups and quits

od—dumps files in octal and other formats

pack—pack, pcat, unpack—compresses and expands files

passwd—changes the login password and password attributes

paste—merges same lines of several files or subsequent lines of one file

pcat—(see "pack" on page706)

pine—a Program for Internet News and E-mail

pg—displays files a page at a time

pr—prints files

ping—reports if a remote system is reachable and alive

ps—reports process status

pstree—displays a tree of processes

pwd—displays the present working directory name

quota—displays users' disk usage and limits

rcp—remote file copy

rdate—get the date and time via the network

rgrep—a recursive, highlighting grep program

rlogin—remote login

rm—removes files from directories

rmdir—removes a directory

rsh—starts a remote shell

ruptime—shows the host status of local machines

rwho—who is logged in on local machines

script—creates a typescript of a terminal session

sed—stream editor (seeChapter 4)

size—prints section sizes in bytes of object files

sleep—suspends execution for some number of seconds

sort—sort and/or merge files

spell—finds spelling errors

split—splits a file into pieces

strings—finds any printable strings in an object or binary file

stty—sets the options for a terminal

su—become superuser or another user

sum—calculates a checksum for a file

sync—updates the superblock and sends changed blocks to disk

tabs—sets tab stops on a terminal

tail—displays the tail end of a file

talk—allows you to talk to another user

tar—stores and retrieves files from an archive file, normally a tape device

tee—replicates the standard output

telnet—communicates with a remote host

test—evaluates an expression and check file types

time—displays a summary of time used by this shell and its children

timex—times a command; reports process data and system activity

top—displays top CPU processes

touch—updates access time and/or modification time of a file

tput—initializes a terminal or queries the terminfo database

tr—translates characters

true—provides successful exit status

tsort—topological sort

tty—gets the name of the terminal

umask—sets file-creation mode mask for permissions

uname—prints name of current machine

uncompress—restores files to their original state after they have been compressed using the compress command

uniq—reports on duplicate lines in a file

units—converts quantities expressed in standard scales to other scales

unpack—expands files created by pack

uucp—copies files to another system, UNIX-to-UNIX system copy

uuencode—uuencode, uudecode—encodes a binary file into ASCII text in order to send it through e-mail, or convert it back into its original form

wc—counts lines, words, and characters

what—extracts SCCS version information from a file by printing information found after the @(#) pattern

which (UCB)—locates a command and displays its pathname or alias

whereis (UCB)—locates the binary, source, and manual page files for a command

who—displays who is logged on the system

write—writes a message to another user

xargs—constructs an argument list(s) and executes a command

zcat—uncompresses a compressed file to standard output. Same as uncompress –c

zipinfo—lists detailed information about a ZIP archive

zmore—file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text

Appx. B. Comparison of the Shells

Appx. C. Steps for Using Quoting Correctly

URL

Help

Appendix A. Useful Linux/UNIX Utilities for Shell Programmers

apropos—searches the what is database for strings

arch—prints the machine architecture (see uname -m)

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