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XKB keyboard maps are compiled before use. Generally, the X server calls the xkbcomp program to compile the map based on information that either is in the server configuration file, in the keyboard configuration file, or passed to the server from set xkbmap.
The manpage for setxkbmap notes that it may fail if it is run on a system that has different XKB components than the server does, because xkbcomp may not find the components specified by setxkbmap. In that case, you may run xkbcomp on the client side: