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You might have a list of files or folders that need to exist in one location, but need pointers to those files and folders from various other locations. If you're used to the Windows world, these are called shortcuts, but in the UNIX world of Mac OS X, they're known as aliases.
An alias is simply a pointer to an existing file or folder. You can use aliases to simplify how you access files and other resources. For example, instead of memorizing a lengthy path for a file that you need access to, create an alias for it.