Item 20: Facilitate the return value optimization

A function that returns an object is frustrating to efficiency aficionados, because the by-value return, including the constructor and destructor calls it implies (see Item 19), cannot be eliminated. The problem is simple: a function either has to return an object in order to offer correct behavior or it doesn’t. If it does, there’s no way to get rid of the object being returned. Period.

Consider the operator* function for rational numbers: