C H A P T E R 1 1 Refactoring web applications 11.1 Refactoring in the real world 233 11.2 Refactoring basics: readability and duplication 236 11.3 Separating markup from program code 241 11.4 Simplifying conditional expressions 253 11.5 Refactoring from procedural to object-oriented 262 11.6 Summary 267 You can't know a town, neighborhood, or landscape well until you've been around it. You need to explore it to the point where most places are familiar to you. That means roaming most of the roads and streets. Just traversing it a couple of times is not enough. You learn more if you're on foot or on a bicycle. Traveling by car, even if you're driv-