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Readers new to the study of missing data will find a bewildering array of approaches, critiques, and methodologies. The classic text in this area is Little and Rubin (2002). Excellent, accessible reviews can be found in Allison (2001), Schafer and Graham (2002) and Schlomer, Bauman, and Card (2010). A comprehensive approach will usually include the following steps:
1. | |
2. | Examine the causes of the missing data. |
3. | Delete the cases containing missing data or replace (impute) the missing values with reasonable alternative data values. |