Results

As part of the training effort, both project and functional managers were encouraged to provide feedback to their subordinates on the results of the study. Each manager presented the results to his own employees.

Table 1 presents the means and standard deviations of the need scores from the perspectives of functional managers (n = 34), subordinates of functional managers (n = 122), project managers (n = 22), and subordinates of project managers (n = 88). The overall F-value provided in Table 1 indicated whether or not statistically significant differences between the means of two or more of the four groups existed. However, this test cannot identify which groups have significantly different mean values. Duncan’s Multiple Range test compared all possible pairs of the means of the four groups to identify the specific groups that had significantly different mean values.