G G.6 Decision Making APPENDIX G There are four basic decision styles normally used by project managers: command, consultation, consensus, and coin flip (random). There are four major factors that affect the decision style: time constraints, trust, quality, and acceptance. Project managers may make decisions individually, or they may involve the project team in the decision-making process. Project managers and project teams sometimes use a decision-making model or process such as the six-phase model shown below. 1. Problem Definition--Fully explore, clarify, and define the problem. 2. Problem Solution Generation--Prolong the new idea generating process by brainstorming multiple solutions and discouraging premature decisions. 3. Ideas to Action--Defi ne evaluation criteria, rate pros and cons of alternatives, select best solution. 4. Solution Action Planning--Involve key participants to gain acceptance and commitment to making the solution work. 5. Solution Evaluation Planning--Post-implementation analysis, evaluation, and lessons learned. 6. Evaluation of the Outcome and Process--Evaluate how well the problem was solved or project goals were achieved (extension of previous phase). G.7 Political and Cultural Awareness Organizational politics are inevitable in project environments due to the diversity in norms, backgrounds and expectations of the people involved with a project. The skillful use of politics and power helps the project manager to be successful. Conversely, ignoring or avoiding project politics and inappropriate use of power can lead to difficulty in managing projects. Today project managers operate in a global environment, and many projects exist in an environment of cultural diversity. By understanding and capitalizing on cultural differences, the project management team is more likely to create an environment of mutual trust and a win/win atmosphere. Cultural differences can be both individual and corporate in nature and may involve both internal and external stakeholders. An effective way to manage this cultural diversity is through getting to know the various team members and the use of good communication planning as part of the overall project plan. ©2008 Project Management Institute. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) -- Fourth Edition 420