iv Contents 07 Commitment 63 Commitment ­ defined and applied 64 The psychological context 65 Goal setting 67 08 Challenge 71 Challenge ­ defined and applied 72 The psychological context of challenge 75 Mental toughness and risk 79 09 Confidence 81 Confidence ­ defined and applied 82 The psychological context for confidence 83 Self-esteem 91 10 Innovative insights into the education and development of young people 93 The positive impact of mental toughness 93 Transition 96 The link to productivity 97 (Anti-)social behaviour 97 Other considerations 97 11 Mental toughness and its application in secondary education 99 Introduction and background 99 Initial engagement ­ Targeted Youth Support Pathfinder 100 Deep Support programme 104 Firm Foundations programme 105 12 Mental toughness in the complex world of further education colleges 111 The college sector in Scotland 111 General approaches to improving retention and attainment 113 From the general to the specific 113 Working on mental toughness with part-time and work-based learners 117 In conclusion 120