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Quartz and OpenGL are the two ways to create graphics on iOS, and they’re both big enough to be books on their own. Here’s a small sample of what you’d be dealing with:
Quartz is the simpler of the two, allowing you to draw in two dimensions directly into the view. The drawing code uses the Core Graphics Framework and renders directly into the view. It follows a painter’s model, which means that the order of commands is important. The first thing drawn will be covered up with a subsequent drawing in the same location. Quartz can handle shading, color, and interfacing with other image and video types.
The Quartz 2D Programming Guide in the developer documentation has a lot of information to help get you started.